{"id":8097,"date":"2020-04-13T17:39:27","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T17:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hukukpenceresi.com\/?p=8097"},"modified":"2022-06-07T17:41:24","modified_gmt":"2022-06-07T17:41:24","slug":"dusman-ceza-hukuku-hukuk-penceresi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hukukpenceresi.com\/dusman-ceza-hukuku-hukuk-penceresi\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fc\u015fman Ceza Hukuku | Hukuk Penceresi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p>G\u00fcnler, aylar, y\u0131llar birbirini kovalay\u0131p dururken ad\u0131na \u201cYarg\u0131\u201d denilen mekanizman\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131kan her biri ayr\u0131 bir \u201ccinayet\u201d niteli\u011findeki kararlar\u0131n ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmiyor. Sistemin ma\u011fdur etti\u011fi muhalifler, yak\u0131nlar\u0131, hak savunucular\u0131, \u00f6yle veya b\u00f6yle vicdan\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7en herkes hukukun temel ilkelerini ezberledi. Ceza hukuku ve idare hukuku ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hukukun temel kurallar\u0131n\u0131 iyi birer hukuk\u00e7u gibi \u00f6\u011frendi ve i\u00e7selle\u015ftirdi. Bu tecr\u00fcbe, her haks\u0131z karar ve muamele kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insanlar\u0131 \u00f6nce \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa, zamanla \u00fcmitsizli\u011fe sevketti.<\/p>\n<p>Neden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, yazan, \u00e7izen, ele\u015ftiren insanlar cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Muktedirin emir kuluna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyen kamu g\u00f6revlisi, yarg\u0131 mensubu neden i\u015finden ve h\u00fcrriyetinden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor? Halk\u0131n oyuyla se\u00e7ilen insanlar neden h\u00fcriyetlerinden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p halk\u0131n emanet etti\u011fi m\u00fch\u00fcr ve kalemleri gasbediliyor? K\u0131sacas\u0131 tek elde toplanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131flatan sivil ve devlet i\u00e7i dengeler neden kurals\u0131zca darmada\u011f\u0131n ediliyor ve neden bu hoyratl\u0131\u011f\u0131, canavarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 umursayan insan say\u0131s\u0131 bu kadar az?<\/p>\n<p>Kafalar bu soru i\u015faretleriyle doluyken, k\u00fcresel bir salg\u0131n hukuksuzluklar\u0131n boyutunun bu kadarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve pervas\u0131zl\u0131k art\u0131k do\u011frudan ya\u015fam hakk\u0131na uzand\u0131. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n makul ve mant\u0131kl\u0131 tedbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k; cezaevlerine doldurulan, \u015fiddete asla bula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f muhaliflerin tehlikenin korkun\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi ortamda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararl\u0131 bir irade ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne cevap olabilecek bir adil hukuk kural\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k hepimiz biliyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygulanan \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukuku\u201d dur.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukuku kavram\u0131 ilk olarak 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da hukuk profes\u00f6r\u00fc G\u00fcnther Jakobs taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk zamanlar Alman Ceza kanununun te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalan baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131m sistemi ele\u015ftirisi olarak s\u0131radan bir hukuk teorisi olarak ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Biraz da Nasyonal Sosyalizm d\u00f6nemi hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131ndan Carl Schmitt\u2019in \u201cdost \u2013 d\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan bu teori \u00fc\u00e7 evre ge\u00e7irdi ve her bir evrede hukuk\u00e7ular nezdinde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen devam eden hararetli tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden oldu. En somut uygulamas\u0131 11 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131 sonras\u0131 Guantanamo Hapishanesine konulanlarla ilgili yarg\u0131lama ve infaz us\u00fcllerinde kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu teori ceza hukuku uygulamas\u0131nda \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d ve \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapar. Ceza hukukunda say\u0131lan adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, gasp, sahtecilik gibi t\u00fcm su\u00e7lar\u0131n faillerini \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d olarak kabul eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarg\u0131lanan \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d ceza yarg\u0131lama sisteminin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haktan; masumiyet karinesinden, su\u00e7ta ve cezada kanunilik ilkesinden faydalan\u0131r ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc us\u00fcli hakk\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar kullanabilir. Ceza muhakemesi sistemi \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d \u0131 muhatap al\u0131r, onunla ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7er, hi\u00e7 bir talebini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z b\u0131rakmaz, adil yarg\u0131lanman\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc nimetinden faydaland\u0131r\u0131r. Toplum ve devlet i\u00e7in \u201cbirey\u201ddir, yarg\u0131lan\u0131rken \u201cfail\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131yla ceza muhakemesinin bir s\u00fcjesidir. Bu nedenle kendisine isnad edilen bir \u201cfiil\u201d vard\u0131r. Hangi kanunun hangi maddesinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 hangi fiiille\u00a0 su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli oldu\u011fundan kendisini rahatl\u0131kla savunabilir. En \u00f6nemlisi de, tan\u0131mlanan fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olsa bile cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilmesi \u201ckusur\u201dunun bulunmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7u sabit g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp cezaland\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cvatanda\u015f\u201d\u0131n cezas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 da failin \u201c\u0131slah olmas\u0131\u201d ve \u201ctoplumsal de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131\u201d d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cVatanda\u015f\u201d yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkenin uyru\u011fu olmak zorunda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d da yabanc\u0131 uyruklu olmak durumunda de\u011fildir. Bu \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d esas\u0131nda \u201ci\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fman\u201dd\u0131r ve bir \u201cd\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u201da tan\u0131nan haklara bile sahip de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunda ama\u00e7, muktedirin menfaatlerini korumak oldu\u011fundan, bu menfaatlere zarar verme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131yan herkes \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d d\u0131r. Bu \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d olarak vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunun bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki kayna\u011f\u0131 \u201cter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele yasa\u201dlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi, g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran taraf\u0131ndan rahatl\u0131kla doldurulabilen bu yasalar sayesinde herkes her an \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ya da \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d olarak ilan edilebilir. Jakobs\u2019un basit\u00e7e tan\u0131m\u0131yla; \u201cki\u015fisel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda yeterli derecede bili\u015fsel g\u00fcvenlik sunmayan\u201d d\u0131r \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cVatanda\u015f\u201d\u0131n aksine \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d masumiyet karinesinden faydalanmaz, m\u00fcktedirin izlenimine g\u00f6re tehlikeli g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, su\u00e7lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterlidir. Hedef herhangi bir fiil de\u011fil \u201cfail\u201d dir. Su\u00e7lama ve iddialar hatta kararlar \u201ckim\u201d sorusunu cevaplamakla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0 Su\u00e7lulu\u011fu i\u00e7in delil gerekmedi\u011fi gibi, kendisine isnad edilen su\u00e7laman\u0131n daha \u00f6nce yasaklanm\u0131\u015f bir fiil olmas\u0131 da gerekmez. B\u00f6ylece su\u00e7ta ve cezada kanunilik ilkesi de masumiyet hakk\u0131 da bertaraf edilmi\u015f olur. Su\u00e7suzlu\u011funu \u0131spatlamak \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Fakat bunun i\u00e7in bile ceza muhakemesinin g\u00fcvencelerinden faydalanamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o \u201cbirey\u201d olarak de\u011fil \u201ctehlike\u201d olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla diyalog yollar\u0131 kapal\u0131d\u0131r, muhakemeden beklenen diyalektik ger\u00e7ekle\u015femez, t\u00fcm tezleri, kar\u015f\u0131 iddialar\u0131, savunmalar\u0131 ya bo\u015flu\u011fa gider ya da bir duvara \u00e7arp\u0131p geri d\u00f6ner. Kusurlu olup olmamas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 bir \u00f6nemi yoktur. Muktedirin \u201ckim\u201d sorusuna verdi\u011fi cevap de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece su\u00e7ludur ve bu su\u00e7tan mahkum edilmelidir. Muktedirin istedi\u011fi \u015fekilde \u201cterbiye\u201d olmad\u0131ysa su\u00e7lu bulununcaya kadar masum de\u011fildir. Cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131nda ama\u00e7 \u201c\u0131slah\u201d yerine bu tehlikenin (!) \u201ctoplumdan tecridi\u201d ile \u201ckamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d dir. Bu nedenle, ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun\u00a0 \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc mutlaka kesilmelidir. Jakobs\u2019un deyimiyle d\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren yasalar\u0131n\u00a0 \u201cveba ve koleraya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele\u201d gibi bir amac\u0131 vard\u0131r ve asl\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir \u201csava\u015f\u201dt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131nda yarg\u0131 dahil resmi ve gayr-\u0131 resmi t\u00fcm erkler tek ki\u015fi veya grubun elinde bulunur. Bu prati\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek, toplum ve siyaset alan\u0131nda muhalefet olmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, d\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamda, toplum da totalitarizmi benimsemi\u015f ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc destek\u00e7isi olmay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Totaliter karaktere sahip y\u00f6netimlerin en \u00f6nemli silah\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunun g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan yarg\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131, di\u011fer t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7ler gibi \u00f6nceden muktedirin kullan\u0131m\u0131na haz\u0131r hale getirilmi\u015f ve yeri geldi\u011finde sahibinin menfaati ad\u0131na her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u201cadli cinayet\u201di i\u015flemeye haz\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fta sordu\u011fumuz sorulara bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda hi\u00e7bir uygulaman\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bilin\u00e7li bir tercih oldu\u011funu rahatl\u0131kla anl\u0131yoruz. B\u00fct\u00fcn devlet ter\u00f6r\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de d\u00fc\u015fman ceza hukukunun ana ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri yarg\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00fcrnberg yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda Nazi yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetkilileri \u201cadli cinayet\u201d ten yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ad\u0131na \u201cyarg\u0131 karar\u0131\u201d\u00a0 denilerek bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de insanlar\u0131n can\u0131na, mal\u0131na, h\u00fcrriyetine ve zaman\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lardan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmayan tek kesim, delilleri kendi elleriyle imzalayarak b\u0131rakan yarg\u0131 mensuplar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00fcnler, aylar, y\u0131llar birbirini kovalay\u0131p dururken ad\u0131na \u201cYarg\u0131\u201d denilen mekanizman\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131kan her biri ayr\u0131 bir \u201ccinayet\u201d niteli\u011findeki kararlar\u0131n ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmiyor. Sistemin ma\u011fdur etti\u011fi muhalifler, yak\u0131nlar\u0131, hak savunucular\u0131, \u00f6yle veya b\u00f6yle vicdan\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7en herkes hukukun temel ilkelerini ezberledi. Ceza hukuku ve idare hukuku ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hukukun temel kurallar\u0131n\u0131 iyi birer hukuk\u00e7u gibi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":8098,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>D\u00fc\u015fman Ceza Hukuku | Hukuk Penceresi - Hukuk Penceresi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hukuk Penceresi \/ Zul\u00fcm karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an pencere\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hukukpenceresi.com\/dusman-ceza-hukuku-hukuk-penceresi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u00fc\u015fman Ceza Hukuku | Hukuk Penceresi - 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